前面我们介绍了 containerd 的基本使用，也了解了如何将现有 docker 容器运行时的 Kubernetes 集群切换成 containerd，接下来我们使用 kubeadm 从头搭建一个使用 containerd 作为容器运行时的 Kubernetes 集群，这里我们安装最新的 v1.22.1 版本。
环境准备
3个节点，都是 Centos 7.6 系统，内核版本：3.10.0-1062.4.1.el7.x86_64，在每个节点上添加 hosts 信息：
➜ ~ cat /etc/hosts 192.168.31.30 master 192.168.31.95 node1 192.168.31.215 node2 节点的 hostname 必须使用标准的 DNS 命名，另外千万不用什么默认的 localhost 的 hostname，会导致各种错误出现的。在 Kubernetes 项目里，机器的名字以及一切存储在 Etcd 中的 API 对象，都必须使用标准的 DNS 命名(RFC 1123)。可以使用命令 hostnamectl set-hostname node1 来修改 hostname。
禁用防火墙：
➜ ~ systemctl stop firewalld ➜ ~ systemctl disable firewalld
禁用 SELINUX：
➜ ~ setenforce 0 ➜ ~ cat /etc/selinux/config SELINUX=disabled
由于开启内核 ipv4 转发需要加载 br_netfilter 模块，所以加载下该模块：
➜ ~ modprobe br_netfilter
创建/etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf文件，添加如下内容：
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
bridge-nf 使得 netfilter 可以对 Linux 网桥上的 IPv4/ARP/IPv6 包过滤。比如，设置net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1后，二层的网桥在转发包时也会被 iptables的 FORWARD 规则所过滤。常用的选项包括：
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables：是否在 arptables 的 FORWARD 中过滤网桥的 ARP 包 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables：是否在 ip6tables 链中过滤 IPv6 包 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables：是否在 iptables 链中过滤 IPv4 包 net.bridge.bridge-nf-filter-vlan-tagged：是否在 iptables/arptables 中过滤打了 vlan 标签的包。
执行如下命令使修改生效：
➜ ~ sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
安装 ipvs：
➜ ~ cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <上面脚本创建了的/etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules文件，保证在节点重启后能自动加载所需模块。使用lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4命令查看是否已经正确加载所需的内核模块。
接下来还需要确保各个节点上已经安装了 ipset 软件包：
➜ ~ yum install ipset
为了便于查看 ipvs 的代理规则，最好安装一下管理工具 ipvsadm：
➜ ~ yum install ipvsadm
同步服务器时间
➜ ~ yum install chrony -y ➜ ~ systemctl enable chronyd ➜ ~ systemctl start chronyd ➜ ~ chronyc sources 210 Number of sources = 4 MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample =============================================================================== ^+ sv1.ggsrv.de 2 6 17 32 -823us[-1128us] +/- 98ms ^- montreal.ca.logiplex.net 2 6 17 32 -17ms[ -17ms] +/- 179ms ^- ntp6.flashdance.cx 2 6 17 32 -32ms[ -32ms] +/- 161ms ^* 119.28.183.184 2 6 33 32 +661us[ +357us] +/- 38ms ➜ ~ date Tue Aug 31 14:36:14 CST 2021
关闭 swap 分区：
➜ ~ swapoff -a
修改/etc/fstab文件，注释掉 SWAP 的自动挂载，使用free -m确认 swap 已经关闭。swappiness 参数调整，修改/etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf添加下面一行：
vm.swappiness=0
执行 sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf 使修改生效。
安装 Containerd
我们已经了解过容器运行时 containerd 的一些基本使用，接下来在各个节点上安装 Containerd。
由于 containerd 需要调用 runc，所以我们也需要先安装 runc，不过 containerd 提供了一个包含相关依赖的压缩包 cri-containerd-cni-${VERSION}.${OS}-${ARCH}.tar.gz，可以直接使用这个包来进行安装。首先从 release 页面下载最新版本的压缩包，当前为 1.5.5 版本：
➜ ~ wget https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.5.5/cri-containerd-cni-1.5.5-linux-amd64.tar.gz # 如果有限制，也可以替换成下面的 URL 加速下载 # wget https://download.fastgit.org/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.5.5/cri-containerd-cni-1.5.5-linux-amd64.tar.gz
直接将压缩包解压到系统的各个目录中：
➜ ~ tar -C / -xzf cri-containerd-cni-1.5.5-linux-amd64.tar.gz
然后要将 /usr/local/bin 和 /usr/local/sbin 追加到 ~/.bashrc 文件的 PATH 环境变量中：
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin
然后执行下面的命令使其立即生效：
➜ ~ source ~/.bashrc
containerd 的默认配置文件为 /etc/containerd/config.toml，我们可以通过如下所示的命令生成一个默认的配置：
➜ ~ mkdir -p /etc/containerd ➜ ~ containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml
对于使用 systemd 作为 init system 的 Linux 的发行版，使用 systemd 作为容器的 cgroup driver 可以确保节点在资源紧张的情况更加稳定，所以推荐将 containerd 的 cgroup driver 配置为 systemd。修改前面生成的配置文件 /etc/containerd/config.toml，在 plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options 配置块下面将 SystemdCgroup 设置为 true：
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc] ... [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options] SystemdCgroup = true ....
然后再为镜像仓库配置一个加速器，需要在 cri 配置块下面的 registry 配置块下面进行配置 registry.mirrors：
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"] ... # sandbox_image = "k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.5" sandbox_image = "registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/pause:3.5" ... [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry] [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors] [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."docker.io"] endpoint = ["https://bqr1dr1n.mirror.aliyuncs.com"] [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."k8s.gcr.io"] endpoint = ["https://registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio"]
由于上面我们下载的 containerd 压缩包中包含一个 etc/systemd/system/containerd.service 的文件，这样我们就可以通过 systemd 来配置 containerd 作为守护进程运行了，现在我们就可以启动 containerd 了，直接执行下面的命令即可：
➜ ~ systemctl daemon-reload ➜ ~ systemctl enable containerd --now
启动完成后就可以使用 containerd 的本地 CLI 工具 ctr 和 crictl 了，比如查看版本：
➜ ~ ctr version Client: Version: v1.5.5 Revision: 72cec4be58a9eb6b2910f5d10f1c01ca47d231c0 Go version: go1.16.6 Server: Version: v1.5.5 Revision: 72cec4be58a9eb6b2910f5d10f1c01ca47d231c0 UUID: cd2894ad-fd71-4ef7-a09f-5795c7eb4c3b ➜ ~ crictl version Version: 0.1.0 RuntimeName: containerd RuntimeVersion: v1.5.5 RuntimeApiVersion: v1alpha2 使用 kubeadm 部署 Kubernetes
上面的相关环境配置也完成了，现在我们就可以来安装 Kubeadm 了，我们这里是通过指定yum 源的方式来进行安装的：
➜ ~ cat < /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo [kubernetes] name=Kubernetes baseurl=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64 enabled=1 gpgcheck=1 repo_gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg EOF
当然了，上面的 yum 源是需要科学上网的，如果不能科学上网的话，我们可以使用阿里云的源进行安装：
➜ ~ cat < /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo [kubernetes] name=Kubernetes baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64 enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 repo_gpgcheck=0 gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg EOF
然后安装 kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl：
# --disableexcludes 禁掉除了kubernetes之外的别的仓库 ➜ ~ yum makecache fast ➜ ~ yum install -y kubelet-1.22.1 kubeadm-1.22.1 kubectl-1.22.1 --disableexcludes=kubernetes ➜ ~ kubeadm version kubeadm version: &version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"22", GitVersion:"v1.22.1", GitCommit:"632ed300f2c34f6d6d15ca4cef3d3c7073412212", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-08-19T15:44:22Z", GoVersion:"go1.16.7", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
可以看到我们这里安装的是 v1.22.1 版本，然后将 master 节点的 kubelet 设置成开机启动：
➜ ~ systemctl enable --now kubelet
到这里为止上面所有的操作都需要在所有节点执行配置。
初始化集群
当我们执行 kubelet --help 命令的时候可以看到原来大部分命令行参数都被 DEPRECATED了，这是因为官方推荐我们使用 --config 来指定配置文件，在配置文件中指定原来这些参数的配置，可以通过官方文档 Set Kubelet parameters via a config file 了解更多相关信息，这样 Kubernetes 就可以支持动态 Kubelet 配置(Dynamic Kubelet Configuration)了，参考 Reconfigure a Node’s Kubelet in a Live Cluster。
然后我们可以通过下面的命令在 master 节点上输出集群初始化默认使用的配置：
➜ ~ kubeadm config print init-defaults --component-configs KubeletConfiguration > kubeadm.yaml
然后根据我们自己的需求修改配置，比如修改 imageRepository 指定集群初始化时拉取 Kubernetes 所需镜像的地址，kube-proxy 的模式为 ipvs，另外需要注意的是我们这里是准备安装 flannel 网络插件的，需要将 networking.podSubnet 设置为10.244.0.0/16：
# kubeadm.yaml apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3 bootstrapTokens: - groups: - system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef ttl: 24h0m0s usages: - signing - authentication kind: InitConfiguration localAPIEndpoint: advertiseAddress: 192.168.31.30 # 指定master节点内网IP bindPort: 6443 nodeRegistration: criSocket: /run/containerd/containerd.sock # 使用 containerd的Unix socket 地址 imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent name: master taints: # 给master添加污点，master节点不能调度应用 - effect: "NoSchedule" key: "node-role.kubernetes.io/master" --- apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1 kind: KubeProxyConfiguration mode: ipvs # kube-proxy ģʽ --- apiServer: timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3 certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki clusterName: kubernetes controllerManager: {} dns: {} etcd: local: dataDir: /var/lib/etcd imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio kind: ClusterConfiguration kubernetesVersion: 1.22.1 networking: dnsDomain: cluster.local serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12 podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16 # 指定 pod 子网 scheduler: {} --- apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 authentication: anonymous: enabled: false webhook: cacheTTL: 0s enabled: true x509: clientCAFile: /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt authorization: mode: Webhook webhook: cacheAuthorizedTTL: 0s cacheUnauthorizedTTL: 0s clusterDNS: - 10.96.0.10 clusterDomain: cluster.local cpuManagerReconcilePeriod: 0s evictionPressureTransitionPeriod: 0s fileCheckFrequency: 0s healthzBindAddress: 127.0.0.1 healthzPort: 10248 httpCheckFrequency: 0s imageMinimumGCAge: 0s kind: KubeletConfiguration cgroupDriver: systemd # 配置 cgroup driver logging: {} memorySwap: {} nodeStatusReportFrequency: 0s nodeStatusUpdateFrequency: 0s rotateCertificates: true runtimeRequestTimeout: 0s shutdownGracePeriod: 0s shutdownGracePeriodCriticalPods: 0s staticPodPath: /etc/kubernetes/manifests streamingConnectionIdleTimeout: 0s syncFrequency: 0s volumeStatsAggPeriod: 0s
对于上面的资源清单的文档比较杂，要想完整了解上面的资源对象对应的属性，可以查看对应的 godoc 文档，地址: https://godoc.org/k8s.io/kubernetes/cmd/kubeadm/app/apis/kubeadm/v1beta3。
”在开始初始化集群之前可以使用kubeadm config images pull --config kubeadm.yaml预先在各个服务器节点上拉取所k8s需要的容器镜像。
配置文件准备好过后，可以使用如下命令先将相关镜像 pull 下面：
➜ ~ kubeadm config images pull --config kubeadm.yaml [config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/kube-apiserver:v1.22.1 [config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/kube-controller-manager:v1.22.1 [config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/kube-scheduler:v1.22.1 [config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/kube-proxy:v1.22.1 [config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/pause:3.5 [config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/etcd:3.5.0-0 failed to pull image "registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/coredns:v1.8.4": output: time="2021-08-31T15:09:13+08:00" level=fatal msg="pulling image: rpc error: code = NotFound desc = failed to pull and unpack image "registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/coredns:v1.8.4": failed to resolve reference "registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/coredns:v1.8.4": registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/coredns:v1.8.4: not found" , error: exit status 1 To see the stack trace of this error execute with --v=5 or higher
上面在拉取 coredns 镜像的时候出错了，没有找到这个镜像，我们可以手动 pull 该镜像，然后重新 tag 下镜像地址即可：
➜ ~ ctr -n k8s.io i pull docker.io/coredns/coredns:1.8.4 docker.io/coredns/coredns:1.8.4: resolved |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| index-sha256:6e5a02c21641597998b4be7cb5eb1e7b02c0d8d23cce4dd09f4682d463798890: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| manifest-sha256:10683d82b024a58cc248c468c2632f9d1b260500f7cd9bb8e73f751048d7d6d4: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:bc38a22c706b427217bcbd1a7ac7c8873e75efdd0e59d6b9f069b4b243db4b4b: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| config-sha256:8d147537fb7d1ac8895da4d55a5e53621949981e2e6460976dae812f83d84a44: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:c6568d217a0023041ef9f729e8836b19f863bcdb612bb3a329ebc165539f5a80: exists |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| elapsed: 12.4s total: 12.0 M (991.3 KiB/s) unpacking linux/amd64 sha256:6e5a02c21641597998b4be7cb5eb1e7b02c0d8d23cce4dd09f4682d463798890... done: 410.185888ms ➜ ~ ctr -n k8s.io i tag docker.io/coredns/coredns:1.8.4 registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio/coredns:v1.8.4
然后就可以使用上面的配置文件在 master 节点上进行初始化：
➜ ~ kubeadm init --config kubeadm.yaml [init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.22.1 [preflight] Running pre-flight checks [preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster [preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection [preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull' [certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki" [certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key [certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local master] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.31.30] [certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key [certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost master] and IPs [192.168.31.30 127.0.0.1 ::1] [certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key [certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost master] and IPs [192.168.31.30 127.0.0.1 ::1] [certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "sa" key and public key [kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes" [kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env" [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml" [kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet [control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests" [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver" [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager" [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler" [etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests" [wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s [apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 12.501933 seconds [upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace [kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.22" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster [upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs [mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/master(deprecated) node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers] [mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule] [bootstrap-token] Using token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef [bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles [bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes [bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials [bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token [bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster [bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace [kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key [addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS [addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully! To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user: mkdir -p $HOME/.kube sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run: export KUBEConFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster. Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/ Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root: kubeadm join 192.168.31.30:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:8c1f43da860b0e7bd9f290fe057f08cf7650b89e650ff316ce4a9cad3834475c
根据安装提示拷贝 kubeconfig 文件：
➜ ~ mkdir -p $HOME/.kube ➜ ~ sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config ➜ ~ sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
然后可以使用 kubectl 命令查看 master 节点已经初始化成功了：
➜ ~ kubectl get nodes NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master Ready control-plane,master 2m10s v1.22.1 添加节点
记住初始化集群上面的配置和操作要提前做好，将 master 节点上面的 $HOME/.kube/config 文件拷贝到 node 节点对应的文件中，安装 kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl(可选)，然后执行上面初始化完成后提示的 join 命令即可：
➜ ~ kubeadm join 192.168.31.30:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef > --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:8c1f43da860b0e7bd9f290fe057f08cf7650b89e650ff316ce4a9cad3834475c [preflight] Running pre-flight checks [preflight] WARNING: Couldn't create the interface used for talking to the container runtime: docker is required for container runtime: exec: "docker": executable file not found in $PATH [preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster... [preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -o yaml' [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml" [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env" [kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet [kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap... This node has joined the cluster: * Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received. * The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details. Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster. 如果忘记了上面的 join 命令可以使用命令 kubeadm token create --print-join-command 重新获取。
执行成功后运行 get nodes 命令：
➜ ~ kubectl get nodes NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master Ready control-plane,master 47m v1.22.1 node2 NotReady 46s v1.22.1
可以看到是 NotReady 状态，这是因为还没有安装网络插件，接下来安装网络插件，可以在文档 https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/create-cluster-kubeadm/ 中选择我们自己的网络插件，这里我们安装 flannel:
➜ ~ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/documentation/kube-flannel.yml # 如果有节点是多网卡，则需要在资源清单文件中指定内网网卡 # 搜索到名为 kube-flannel-ds 的 DaemonSet，在kube-flannel容器下面 ➜ ~ vi kube-flannel.yml ...... containers: - name: kube-flannel image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.14.0 command: - /opt/bin/flanneld args: - --ip-masq - --kube-subnet-mgr - --iface=eth0 # 如果是多网卡的话，指定内网网卡的名称 ...... ➜ ~ kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml # 安装 flannel 网络插件
隔一会儿查看 Pod 运行状态：
➜ ~ kubectl get pods -n kube-system NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE coredns-7568f67dbd-5mg59 1/1 Running 0 8m32s coredns-7568f67dbd-b685t 1/1 Running 0 8m31s etcd-master 1/1 Running 0 66m kube-apiserver-master 1/1 Running 0 66m kube-controller-manager-master 1/1 Running 0 66m kube-flannel-ds-dsbt6 1/1 Running 0 11m kube-flannel-ds-zwlm6 1/1 Running 0 11m kube-proxy-jq84n 1/1 Running 0 66m kube-proxy-x4hbv 1/1 Running 0 19m kube-scheduler-master 1/1 Running 0 66m 当我们部署完网络插件后执行 ifconfig 命令，正常会看到新增的 cni0 与 flannel1 这两个虚拟设备，但是如果没有看到 cni0 这个设备也不用太担心，我们可以观察 /var/lib/cni 目录是否存在，如果不存在并不是说部署有问题，而是该节点上暂时还没有应用运行，我们只需要在该节点上运行一个 Pod 就可以看到该目录会被创建，并且 cni0 设备也会被创建出来。
网络插件运行成功了，node 状态也正常了：
➜ ~ kubectl get nodes NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master Ready control-plane,master 111m v1.22.1 node2 Ready 64m v1.22.1
用同样的方法添加另外一个节点即可。
Dashboard
v1.22.1 版本的集群需要安装最新的 2.0+ 版本的 Dashboard：
# 推荐使用下面这种方式 ➜ ~ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.3.1/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml ➜ ~ vi recommended.yaml # 修改Service为NodePort类型 ...... kind: Service apiVersion: v1 metadata: labels: k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard name: kubernetes-dashboard namespace: kubernetes-dashboard spec: ports: - port: 443 targetPort: 8443 selector: k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard type: NodePort # 加上type=NodePort变成NodePort类型的服务 ......
直接创建：
➜ ~ kubectl apply -f recommended.yaml
新版本的 Dashboard 会被默认安装在 kubernetes-dashboard 这个命名空间下面：
➜ ~ kubectl get pods -n kubernetes-dashboard -o wide NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES dashboard-metrics-scraper-856586f554-pllvt 1/1 Running 0 24m 10.88.0.7 master kubernetes-dashboard-76597d7df5-82998 1/1 Running 0 21m 10.88.0.2 node2
我们仔细看可以发现上面的 Pod 分配的 IP 段是 10.88.xx.xx，包括前面自动安装的 CoreDNS 也是如此，我们前面不是配置的 podSubnet 为 10.244.0.0/16 吗?我们先去查看下 CNI 的配置文件：
➜ ~ ls -la /etc/cni/net.d/ total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 docker 67 Aug 31 16:45 . drwxr-xr-x. 3 1001 docker 19 Jul 30 01:13 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 docker 604 Jul 30 01:13 10-containerd-net.conflist -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 292 Aug 31 16:45 10-flannel.conflist
可以看到里面包含两个配置，一个是 10-containerd-net.conflist，另外一个是我们上面创建的 Flannel 网络插件生成的配置，我们的需求肯定是想使用 Flannel 的这个配置，我们可以查看下 containerd 这个自带的 cni 插件配置：
➜ ~ cat /etc/cni/net.d/10-containerd-net.conflist { "cniVersion": "0.4.0", "name": "containerd-net", "plugins": [ { "type": "bridge", "bridge": "cni0", "isGateway": true, "ipMasq": true, "promiscMode": true, "ipam": { "type": "host-local", "ranges": [ [{ "subnet": "10.88.0.0/16" }], [{ "subnet": "2001:4860:4860::/64" }] ], "routes": [ { "dst": "0.0.0.0/0" }, { "dst": "::/0" } ] } }, { "type": "portmap", "capabilities": {"portMappings": true} } ] }
可以看到上面的 IP 段恰好就是 10.88.0.0/16，但是这个 cni 插件类型是 bridge 网络，网桥的名称为 cni0：
➜ ~ ip a ... 6: cni0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,PROMISC,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 9a:e7:eb:40:e8:66 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.88.0.1/16 brd 10.88.255.255 scope global cni0 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 2001:4860:4860::1/64 scope global valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::98e7:ebff:fe40:e866/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever ...
但是使用 bridge 网络的容器无法跨多个宿主机进行通信，跨主机通信需要借助其他的 cni 插件，比如上面我们安装的 Flannel，或者 Calico 等等，由于我们这里有两个 cni 配置，所以我们需要将 10-containerd-net.conflist 这个配置删除，因为如果这个目录中有多个 cni 配置文件，kubelet 将会使用按文件名的字典顺序排列的第一个作为配置文件，所以前面默认选择使用的是 containerd-net 这个插件。
➜ ~ mv /etc/cni/net.d/10-containerd-net.conflist /etc/cni/net.d/10-containerd-net.conflist.bak ➜ ~ ifconfig cni0 down && ip link delete cni0 ➜ ~ systemctl daemon-reload ➜ ~ systemctl restart containerd kubelet
然后记得重建 coredns 和 dashboard 的 Pod，重建后 Pod 的 IP 地址就正常了：
➜ ~ kubectl get pods -n kubernetes-dashboard -o wide NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES dashboard-metrics-scraper-856586f554-tp8m5 1/1 Running 0 42s 10.244.1.6 node2 kubernetes-dashboard-76597d7df5-9rmbx 1/1 Running 0 66s 10.244.1.5 node2 ➜ ~ kubectl get pods -n kube-system -o wide -l k8s-app=kube-dns NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES coredns-7568f67dbd-n7bfx 1/1 Running 0 5m40s 10.244.1.2 node2 coredns-7568f67dbd-plrv8 1/1 Running 0 3m47s 10.244.1.4 node2
查看 Dashboard 的 NodePort 端口：
➜ ~ kubectl get svc -n kubernetes-dashboard NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE dashboard-metrics-scraper ClusterIP 10.99.37.172 8000/TCP 25m kubernetes-dashboard NodePort 10.103.102.27 443:31050/TCP 25m
然后可以通过上面的 31050 端口去访问 Dashboard，要记住使用 https，Chrome 不生效可以使用Firefox 测试，如果没有 Firefox 下面打不开页面，可以点击下页面中的信任证书即可：
信任证书
信任后就可以访问到 Dashboard 的登录页面了：
然后创建一个具有全局所有权限的用户来登录 Dashboard：(admin.yaml)
kind: ClusterRoleBinding apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: admin roleRef: kind: ClusterRole name: cluster-admin apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: admin namespace: kubernetes-dashboard --- apiVersion: v1 kind: ServiceAccount metadata: name: admin namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
直接创建：
➜ ~ kubectl apply -f admin.yaml ➜ ~ kubectl get secret -n kubernetes-dashboard|grep admin-token admin-token-lwmmx kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 1d ➜ ~ kubectl get secret admin-token-lwmmx -o jsonpath={.data.token} -n kubernetes-dashboard |base64 -d # 会生成一串很长的base64后的字符串
然后用上面的 base64 解码后的字符串作为 token 登录 Dashboard 即可，新版本还新增了一个暗黑模式：
最终我们就完成了使用 kubeadm 搭建 v1.22.1 版本的 kubernetes 集群、coredns、ipvs、flannel、containerd。
➜ ~ kubectl get nodes -o wide NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION INTERNAL-IP EXTERNAL-IP OS-IMAGE KERNEL-VERSION CONTAINER-RUNTIME master Ready control-plane,master 36m v1.22.1 192.168.31.30 CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64 containerd://1.5.5 node2 Ready 27m v1.22.1 192.168.31.215 CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 3.10.0-1160.25.1.el7.x86_64 containerd://1.5.5 清理
如果你的集群安装过程中遇到了其他问题，我们可以使用下面的命令来进行重置：
➜ ~ kubeadm reset ➜ ~ ifconfig cni0 down && ip link delete cni0 ➜ ~ ifconfig flannel.1 down && ip link delete flannel.1 ➜ ~ rm -rf /var/lib/cni/
